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Changes in GAEC 6 and 7 Standards – Until When Must Cover and Catch Crops be Maintained?
GAEC standards, which represent good agricultural and environmental practices, are a crucial component of the Common Agricultural Policy for 2023-2027. Adherence to these standards (the basic level of green architecture referred to as conditionality) is mandatory to qualify for direct and area payments under the second pillar of the CAP. However, the Ministry of Agriculture occasionally modifies these fundamental requirements by either tightening some regulations or abandoning others. At the end of 2023, such changes were made to GAEC 6 and 7. What are the most significant changes affecting these standards?
GAEC 6: Minimum Soil Cover in Critical Periods - Revised Dates
The GAEC 6 standard mandates that protective soil cover be maintained from November 1 of a given year to February 15 of the following year on at least 80% of the farm's land. Additionally, cover should be provided after the harvest of early-harvested plants (cereals, rapeseed, and turnip rape) from the day of harvesting the main crop until October 15. This reinforces the standard, ensuring soil protection during summer and early autumn periods, previously vulnerable to degradation.
Compliance with the GAEC 6 standard is achieved through:
- Plant cover (winter crops, grasses on arable land, winter catch crops, undersown crops, small-seeded legumes, and their mixtures with grasses)
- Stubble left in the field
- Crop residues left behind
- Self-seeding of the harvested crop
- Mulch
- Green fallow.
Providing soil cover during these periods (from harvest to October 15 and from November 1 to February 15) aims to protect the land against erosion and adverse external conditions, as well as the loss of soil organic matter. It also aims to reduce the runoff of fertilizers and biogenic compounds into water, thereby preventing pollution.
Exemptions from the GAEC 6 standard
A beneficial change for farmers is exemptions from the GAEC 6 standard. They cover crops harvested late (i.e., after October 15), after which it is not possible to apply protective measures. These include:
- Root crops (root chicory, turnip, sugar and fodder beet, carrot, parsley, potato)
- Grain corn
- Crops on arable land under cover
- Brassica vegetables (cabbages: white head, red cabbage, Italian cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale), as well as leek, asparagus, rhubarb, and horseradish
- Herbal plants (angelica, wild garlic, celandine, valerian, Rhodiola rosea, safflower).
How does the Monitoring Committee justify this change in the resolution? These crops were excluded because, due to the long vegetation period, they protect the soil for an extended duration and utilize nutrients, safeguarding the land against their loss. Typically, after harvesting these plants, there is insufficient time to sow a cover crop, intercrop, or winter crop as the main crop. Additionally, unfavorable weather conditions (autumn rains) and challenges with machinery access to the field complicate sowing. Furthermore, there is a risk of frosting of the sprouts.
Excluding corn precludes the application of post-harvest protective measures, as maintaining the dates of agrotechnical treatments is essential, primarily for phytosanitary reasons. This includes combating or preventing the appearance of corn pests in crops, such as the corn borer, Noctuidae, wireworms, grubs, Bibio marci, and Zabrus tenebrioides.
Corn borer larvae overwinter on corn stalks and harvest residues. Mulching crop residues using a mulcher or disc harrow, in combination with winter plowing, effectively reduces the presence of this pest below the economic damage threshold. The SpringExpert mulch harrow meticulously chops the straw and the caterpillars feeding on it, while winter plowing covers the remaining residues, limiting the larvae's survival chances.
GAEC Standard 7: Crop rotation and diversification on arable land, or simply rotation?
The GAEC 7 standard mandates that at least three crops must be cultivated on arable land. The primary crop should not exceed 65% of the land, with the other two crops collectively occupying no more than 90% (this is a diversification requirement). Rotation requires changing crops at least once a year at the level of agricultural plots (excluding perennial crops, grasses, and other herbaceous fodder plants, fallow lands) and appropriate management of secondary crops.
The Ministry of Agriculture proposes to waive the diversification requirement in line with Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, which requires member countries to apply rotation. For farmers, this means growing a different crop as the main crop on at least 40% of arable land (in relation to the yield in the previous year). Winter cover crops, stubble crops, or undersown crops sown on a given agricultural plot with appropriate maintenance dates would meet the GAEC 7 standard requirements.
Furthermore, the primary crop should not be cultivated on all arable land on the farm for more than 3 years. This does not apply to crops that positively impact soil improvement and maintenance (including legumes, grasses, other herbaceous fodder plants, small-seeded legumes mixed with grass, fallow land, and perennial crops). The Ministry of Agriculture also proposes to waive these rules for corn crops.
Clarification of Deadlines for Maintaining Stubble Cover Crops in GAEC 7
The Ministry of Agriculture's proposal stipulates that the conditionality requirements will be fulfilled on agricultural plots where a catch crop (stubble, winter, or undersown) is maintained for at least 8 weeks following the harvest of the main crop:
- Sowing date (catch crop)
- Harvest date of the crop (undersown cropping).
What are the reasons for the changes in GAEC 6 and 7 standards?
Proposals for changes to the National Strategic Plan may be submitted to the European Commission once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development requests specific institutions to analyze various cases, such as specific crops or regions in Poland, as well as climatic conditions. Representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture also monitor the implementation of these standards in other countries and encourage the submission of proposals for changes and expert opinions.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
- Plant cover (winter crops, grasses on arable land, winter catch crops, undersown crops, small-seeded legumes, and their mixtures with grasses)
- Stubble left in the field
- Crop residues left behind
- Self-seeding of the harvested crop
- Mulch
- Green fallow.
Providing soil cover during these periods (from harvest to October 15 and from November 1 to February 15) aims to protect the land against erosion and adverse external conditions, as well as the loss of soil organic matter. It also aims to reduce the runoff of fertilizers and biogenic compounds into water, thereby preventing pollution.
Exemptions from the GAEC 6 standard
A beneficial change for farmers is exemptions from the GAEC 6 standard. They cover crops harvested late (i.e., after October 15), after which it is not possible to apply protective measures. These include:
- Root crops (root chicory, turnip, sugar and fodder beet, carrot, parsley, potato)
- Grain corn
- Crops on arable land under cover
- Brassica vegetables (cabbages: white head, red cabbage, Italian cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale), as well as leek, asparagus, rhubarb, and horseradish
- Herbal plants (angelica, wild garlic, celandine, valerian, Rhodiola rosea, safflower).
How does the Monitoring Committee justify this change in the resolution? These crops were excluded because, due to the long vegetation period, they protect the soil for an extended duration and utilize nutrients, safeguarding the land against their loss. Typically, after harvesting these plants, there is insufficient time to sow a cover crop, intercrop, or winter crop as the main crop. Additionally, unfavorable weather conditions (autumn rains) and challenges with machinery access to the field complicate sowing. Furthermore, there is a risk of frosting of the sprouts.
Excluding corn precludes the application of post-harvest protective measures, as maintaining the dates of agrotechnical treatments is essential, primarily for phytosanitary reasons. This includes combating or preventing the appearance of corn pests in crops, such as the corn borer, Noctuidae, wireworms, grubs, Bibio marci, and Zabrus tenebrioides.
Corn borer larvae overwinter on corn stalks and harvest residues. Mulching crop residues using a mulcher or disc harrow, in combination with winter plowing, effectively reduces the presence of this pest below the economic damage threshold. The SpringExpert mulch harrow meticulously chops the straw and the caterpillars feeding on it, while winter plowing covers the remaining residues, limiting the larvae's survival chances.
GAEC Standard 7: Crop rotation and diversification on arable land, or simply rotation?
The GAEC 7 standard mandates that at least three crops must be cultivated on arable land. The primary crop should not exceed 65% of the land, with the other two crops collectively occupying no more than 90% (this is a diversification requirement). Rotation requires changing crops at least once a year at the level of agricultural plots (excluding perennial crops, grasses, and other herbaceous fodder plants, fallow lands) and appropriate management of secondary crops.
The Ministry of Agriculture proposes to waive the diversification requirement in line with Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, which requires member countries to apply rotation. For farmers, this means growing a different crop as the main crop on at least 40% of arable land (in relation to the yield in the previous year). Winter cover crops, stubble crops, or undersown crops sown on a given agricultural plot with appropriate maintenance dates would meet the GAEC 7 standard requirements.
Furthermore, the primary crop should not be cultivated on all arable land on the farm for more than 3 years. This does not apply to crops that positively impact soil improvement and maintenance (including legumes, grasses, other herbaceous fodder plants, small-seeded legumes mixed with grass, fallow land, and perennial crops). The Ministry of Agriculture also proposes to waive these rules for corn crops.
Clarification of Deadlines for Maintaining Stubble Cover Crops in GAEC 7
The Ministry of Agriculture's proposal stipulates that the conditionality requirements will be fulfilled on agricultural plots where a catch crop (stubble, winter, or undersown) is maintained for at least 8 weeks following the harvest of the main crop:
- Sowing date (catch crop)
- Harvest date of the crop (undersown cropping).
What are the reasons for the changes in GAEC 6 and 7 standards?
Proposals for changes to the National Strategic Plan may be submitted to the European Commission once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development requests specific institutions to analyze various cases, such as specific crops or regions in Poland, as well as climatic conditions. Representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture also monitor the implementation of these standards in other countries and encourage the submission of proposals for changes and expert opinions.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
- Root crops (root chicory, turnip, sugar and fodder beet, carrot, parsley, potato)
- Grain corn
- Crops on arable land under cover
- Brassica vegetables (cabbages: white head, red cabbage, Italian cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale), as well as leek, asparagus, rhubarb, and horseradish
- Herbal plants (angelica, wild garlic, celandine, valerian, Rhodiola rosea, safflower).
How does the Monitoring Committee justify this change in the resolution? These crops were excluded because, due to the long vegetation period, they protect the soil for an extended duration and utilize nutrients, safeguarding the land against their loss. Typically, after harvesting these plants, there is insufficient time to sow a cover crop, intercrop, or winter crop as the main crop. Additionally, unfavorable weather conditions (autumn rains) and challenges with machinery access to the field complicate sowing. Furthermore, there is a risk of frosting of the sprouts.
Excluding corn precludes the application of post-harvest protective measures, as maintaining the dates of agrotechnical treatments is essential, primarily for phytosanitary reasons. This includes combating or preventing the appearance of corn pests in crops, such as the corn borer, Noctuidae, wireworms, grubs, Bibio marci, and Zabrus tenebrioides.
Corn borer larvae overwinter on corn stalks and harvest residues. Mulching crop residues using a mulcher or disc harrow, in combination with winter plowing, effectively reduces the presence of this pest below the economic damage threshold. The SpringExpert mulch harrow meticulously chops the straw and the caterpillars feeding on it, while winter plowing covers the remaining residues, limiting the larvae's survival chances.
GAEC Standard 7: Crop rotation and diversification on arable land, or simply rotation?
The GAEC 7 standard mandates that at least three crops must be cultivated on arable land. The primary crop should not exceed 65% of the land, with the other two crops collectively occupying no more than 90% (this is a diversification requirement). Rotation requires changing crops at least once a year at the level of agricultural plots (excluding perennial crops, grasses, and other herbaceous fodder plants, fallow lands) and appropriate management of secondary crops.
The Ministry of Agriculture proposes to waive the diversification requirement in line with Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, which requires member countries to apply rotation. For farmers, this means growing a different crop as the main crop on at least 40% of arable land (in relation to the yield in the previous year). Winter cover crops, stubble crops, or undersown crops sown on a given agricultural plot with appropriate maintenance dates would meet the GAEC 7 standard requirements.
Furthermore, the primary crop should not be cultivated on all arable land on the farm for more than 3 years. This does not apply to crops that positively impact soil improvement and maintenance (including legumes, grasses, other herbaceous fodder plants, small-seeded legumes mixed with grass, fallow land, and perennial crops). The Ministry of Agriculture also proposes to waive these rules for corn crops.
Clarification of Deadlines for Maintaining Stubble Cover Crops in GAEC 7
The Ministry of Agriculture's proposal stipulates that the conditionality requirements will be fulfilled on agricultural plots where a catch crop (stubble, winter, or undersown) is maintained for at least 8 weeks following the harvest of the main crop:
- Sowing date (catch crop)
- Harvest date of the crop (undersown cropping).
What are the reasons for the changes in GAEC 6 and 7 standards?
Proposals for changes to the National Strategic Plan may be submitted to the European Commission once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development requests specific institutions to analyze various cases, such as specific crops or regions in Poland, as well as climatic conditions. Representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture also monitor the implementation of these standards in other countries and encourage the submission of proposals for changes and expert opinions.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
The Ministry of Agriculture proposes to waive the diversification requirement in line with Annex III to Regulation (EU) 2021/2115, which requires member countries to apply rotation. For farmers, this means growing a different crop as the main crop on at least 40% of arable land (in relation to the yield in the previous year). Winter cover crops, stubble crops, or undersown crops sown on a given agricultural plot with appropriate maintenance dates would meet the GAEC 7 standard requirements.
Furthermore, the primary crop should not be cultivated on all arable land on the farm for more than 3 years. This does not apply to crops that positively impact soil improvement and maintenance (including legumes, grasses, other herbaceous fodder plants, small-seeded legumes mixed with grass, fallow land, and perennial crops). The Ministry of Agriculture also proposes to waive these rules for corn crops.
Clarification of Deadlines for Maintaining Stubble Cover Crops in GAEC 7
The Ministry of Agriculture's proposal stipulates that the conditionality requirements will be fulfilled on agricultural plots where a catch crop (stubble, winter, or undersown) is maintained for at least 8 weeks following the harvest of the main crop:
- Sowing date (catch crop)
- Harvest date of the crop (undersown cropping).
What are the reasons for the changes in GAEC 6 and 7 standards?
Proposals for changes to the National Strategic Plan may be submitted to the European Commission once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development requests specific institutions to analyze various cases, such as specific crops or regions in Poland, as well as climatic conditions. Representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture also monitor the implementation of these standards in other countries and encourage the submission of proposals for changes and expert opinions.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
Clarification of Deadlines for Maintaining Stubble Cover Crops in GAEC 7
The Ministry of Agriculture's proposal stipulates that the conditionality requirements will be fulfilled on agricultural plots where a catch crop (stubble, winter, or undersown) is maintained for at least 8 weeks following the harvest of the main crop:
- Sowing date (catch crop)
- Harvest date of the crop (undersown cropping).
What are the reasons for the changes in GAEC 6 and 7 standards?
Proposals for changes to the National Strategic Plan may be submitted to the European Commission once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development requests specific institutions to analyze various cases, such as specific crops or regions in Poland, as well as climatic conditions. Representatives of the Ministry of Agriculture also monitor the implementation of these standards in other countries and encourage the submission of proposals for changes and expert opinions.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
The request for corrections was submitted by the press spokesman of the Polish Association of Cereal Producers due to non-compliance with the GAEC 6 standard on farms using the Methodology for growing corn in Integrated Plant Production for 2023, which requires autumn plowing. Trade unionists emphasized that any new solutions should be consistent with natural cycles, biological life in the soil, and the organization of work on farms. The goal is to reduce costs while improving yield and harvest quality.
The Ministry of Agriculture considers all these factors, so periodic adjustments to green architecture standards should be expected. However, it is important to note that these amendments require approval from the European Commission.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
Terminology
Biogenic compounds - Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds contributing to increased fertility and biological productivity, leading to the aging of rivers and lakes through overgrowing, shallowing, and transformation into peat bogs.
Zabrus tenebrioides - is a pest primarily found in cereal growing areas, including wheat, barley, rye, and to a lesser extent, oats. Both larvae and adults of the Zabrus tenebrioides are harmful.
Noctuidae - can be present throughout the entire growing season in various crops: cereals, corn, rapeseed, potatoes, sugar beet, and legumes. The loss of cultivated plants in the field signals the need to inspect for this pest on the plantation.
European corn borer - In its adult form, it is a nocturnal butterfly that overwinters in the soil as a caterpillar. The larvae hatch in spring and seek corn leaves to lay their eggs. The most serious damage is caused by the borer feeding inside corn stalks and cobs.
Bibio marci - pests from the fly family (Bibionidae), are sporadically found on crops. However, for the first time after many years of absence, their mass occurrence was observed in certain regions of the country. The lack of emergence of spring cereals observed in 2004 was caused, among other factors, by these pests.
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